The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), through its National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), has developed an innovative semi-automated system called "CROP" for large-scale monitoring of crop sowing and harvesting progress during the Rabi season in India. This system utilizes satellite data from optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to assess the real-time status of wheat sowing and crop health.
During the 2024-25 Rabi season, wheat sowing progress was monitored in eight major wheat-producing states: Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Bihar, Gujarat, and Maharashtra. According to satellite data, as of March 31, 2025, the total wheat sowing area across the country is estimated to be 33.08 million hectares.
Monitoring Crop Condition and Drought Stress
The condition of crops, drought impact, and overall vegetation health were monitored using the satellite-based "Vegetation Health Index" (VHI). Monthly monitoring reports showed that in January 2025, crop conditions were normal, especially in key wheat-producing regions like Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh, where timely sowing and satisfactory growth were observed. However, in February, an increase in temperature and a lack of rainfall raised concerns about heat stress on crops, leading to potential yield loss. By the end of March, favorable weather conditions allowed crops to recover, boosting the prospects for good crop maturity and positive production estimates. Harvesting of Rabi crops continued from December through the first week of April.
Satellite Data-Based Wheat Production Estimate
National-level wheat production estimates were derived by integrating satellite data (crop area, sowing date, and crop status during the growing season) into a crop growth simulation model with a 5 km × 5 km spatial resolution. As of March 31, 2025, the estimated wheat production across the eight major wheat-producing states is 122.724 million tons.
New Crop Monitoring Technology to Transform Agricultural Planning
This study demonstrates the use of satellite data sources for real-time monitoring of crop sowing, harvesting, and production. The pilot project serves as a 'proof of concept' that highlights the potential for expanding and enhancing the operational capabilities of this system in the future. The ultimate goal is to assist in informed decision-making for agricultural planning and national food security.
